The refurbish nature of government by giving glimpse of enhancement to individuals through newly formulated policies paved for the overall change in social sector. Different policies have been constituted under different platforms by the government, on taking account the situation of poor people. The following are some of the programmes formulated during different Five Year plans.
Nehru Rozgar Yojana was launched during the Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90). It was launched in October,1989. In order to provide employment to the urban unemployed and under-employed poor by improving their condition of poor. NRY consists of three schemes
a. the Scheme of Urban Micro Enterprises(SUME)In the Eight Five Year Plan(1992-97), the UBSP programme was implemented with a particular goal of achieving the social sector objectives, community organisation, mobilisation and empowerment and convergence through sustainable support system. The expenditure of this programme was shared in the ratio of 60:40 basis between Central and State governments and UTs with legislatures. During the Eight Five Year Plan, the UBSP has targeted 70 lakh urban beneficiaries in 500 towns and the results have been opulent, as it has covered 350 towns with the targeted 70 lakh beneficiaries covered.
PMIUPEP was started during Eight Fifth Year Plan(1992-97) and was launched in November, 1995 and was granted with Rs.800 crores till 2000. It?s motto was to identify and understand the range of urban poverty problems in small towns where the situation is more grave due to lack of resources for planning their environment and development. From 1995-2000, the total budget allocated was Rs.800 crore and the programme was applicable to all Class II urban agglomerations with a population ranging between 50,000 and 1,00,000 subject to condition that elections to local bodies have been held. Over the period of two years from 1995-97, Rs.176.40 crore was released to States/UTs, as most of the stages were in the nascent stage of the programme such as house-to-house survey, spatial mapping, need assessment, developing iterative project reports, building community structures etc.
After 50 years of independence, Based on the recommendation of Hashim committee SJRSY was launched during the Ninth Year Plan(1997-2002) and phase out NRY, UBSP and PMIUPEP. SJRSY was applicable to all urban areas with expenditure to be shared in the ratio of 75:25 between Central and State/UTs. This programme has two sub schemes
a. Urban Self-Employment ProgrammeUnder this programme the assistance is given to the urban poor beneficiaries by giving special benefits to women. This programme is spread over all urban towns in India
This programme was constituted during Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-2002), NHHP was formulated in 1998 and laid before parliament on 29.07.1998 with new initiatives like the involvement of multi -stakeholders, repeal of Urban Land Ceiling Act, permitting foreign direct investment . The required amount of investment was Rs.1,51,000 crores of which 25% would flow from banks, financial institutions, State and Central banks. National Housing and Habitat Policy of 1998 was constituted under Ministry of Urban Employment and Poverty Alleviation and continuation of other public sector interventions like the Economic Liberalization Policy 1991, National Housing Policy 1994, National Housing and Habitat Policy 1998, National Urban Housing and Habitat Policy 2005. The National Housing and Habitat Policy aims at the creation of adequate housing stock both on rental and ownership basis.
Two Million Housing Programme(2MHP) was started during 1998-99 and was implemented on the basis of National Housing and Habitat Policy, but this was a loan based scheme which predicted an estimate of 20 lakh additional houses every year (7 lakhs Dwelling Units in Urban Areas and, 13 lakhs Dwelling Units in Rural Areas). HUDCO- Housing and Urban Development Corporation needs to meet the target of 4 lakh dwelling in Rural areas units and 6 lakh dwelling units in Rural areas annually. Under this programme the amount sanctioned for a term of 10 years for rural was Rs.5990.83 crores and for urban was Rs.11869.93 crores. Both National Housing and Habitat Policy-1998 and Two Million Housing Programme(2MHP) implementation could be attributed to the success of Andhra Pradesh State Housing Corporation Limited(APSHCL), which was established in 1979 and Andhra Pradesh was the first state in India in starting housing programmes for poor. APSCHL has 3.62 million houses by 31.03.2000 of which 2.4 million in rural areas
Housing Housing for the Poor in IndiaVAMBAY was launched under Ministry of Urban Development on 2nd December,2001 in Hyderabad and was operated through HUDCO-Housing and Urban Development and the objective of this scheme was to provide shelter and upgrade existing shelter for Below Poverty Line (BPL) families in urban areas and with a view to achieve the goal of ?Shelter for All?. This schemes primary objective is to provide with construction and enhancement of houses for slums and to give them health and installing community toilets through Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan, a component of the scheme.
Valmiki Ambedkar Awas Yojana (VAMBAY): Guidelines VALMIKI AMBEDKAR AWAS YOJANA (VAMBAY)Nirmal Bharat is a programme under Ministry of Rural Development and its objective is to make India a clean and healthy nation that thrive for wellbeing of people. Primary motto of this programme is to eradicate open defecation. In India, Sikkim is the first state to be declared as Open Defecation Free (ODF) followed by Kerala.